
微信公众号据JDE官网显示,来自宾夕法尼亚大学的方汉明、中国人民大学国家发展与战略研究院的刘畅,合作撰写的论文“ Desired Fertility, Realized Fertility and the Effects of China’s Universal Two-Child Policy ”,在发展经济学国际顶级期刊Journal of Development Economics(JDE) 线上正式发表。
# 论文简介 #
Title:
Desired Fertility, Realized Fertility and the Effects of China’s Universal Two-Child Policy
Author:
Hanming Fang, Chang Liu
Abstract:
We argue that women's desired fertility has become the binding constraint in low-fertility contexts: once fertility desires fall below policy ceilings, removing quotas alone cannot generate a substantial rebound. We test this hypothesis using China's Universal Two-Child (UTC) policy adopted in January 2016, an abrupt nationwide relaxation following decades of the One-Child Policy (OCP). Drawing on nationally representative data from the 2017 China Fertility Survey and exploiting eligibility variation created by the UTC policy, we find that the policy increased births by only 0.023 per eligible woman in 2016–2017, driven almost exclusively by women who desired two or more children. County-level evidence from the 2020 population census data further shows that fertility in 2016–2020 rose primarily in places with higher average desired fertility. These results indicate that declining fertility desires—not administrative birth quotas—now constrain fertility in post-OCP China.
标题:
期望生育水平、实际生育水平与中国全面二孩政策的效果
中文摘要:
我们认为,在低生育率背景下,女性的生育意愿已成为具有约束力的限制因素:一旦生育意愿降至政策上限以下,仅取消生育配额并不能带来显著的生育率反弹。我们利用中国于2016年1月实施的全面二孩政策(该政策是在长达数十年的独生子女政策之后,在全国范围内突然放松生育限制)对这一假设进行了检验。基于2017年全国生育状况调查的全国代表性数据,并借助全面二孩政策所带来的资格差异,我们发现,该政策在2016—2017年间仅使每名符合条件的女性生育数量增加了0.023个,且这一增加几乎完全由那些希望生育两个及以上孩子的女性所驱动。基于2020年人口普查数据的县级证据进一步表明,2016—2020年间生育率的上升主要出现在平均生育意愿较高的地区。这些结果表明,在独生子女政策结束后的中国,制约生育率的主要因素已从行政生育配额转变为不断下降的生育意愿。